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Lockheed martin f- 22 the raptor is an american single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather tactical stealth fighter designed for the us air force (usaf). At the end of the us air force advanced tactical fighter (atf) program the aircraft was designed as a ground superiority fighter, but also capable of ground attack, electronic countermeasures and electronic intelligence. The main contractor, lockheed martin, built a significant part of the f-22 airframe and weapons systems and carried out final assembly, while boeing provided the wings, rear fuselage, avionics integration and training circuitry. Aircraft for the first time rose to stand-alone in 1997 and received the various designations f-22 and f/a-22 before officially entering service in december 2005 as the f-22a. Although the us air force initially planned to purchase a total of 750 atf aircraft, in 2009 the program was reduced to 187 active aircraft due to high costs, lack of air-to-air operations due to the fact that the military focused on all sorts of counterinsurgency operations in period of production, a strict ban on the export and development of a lighter and more versatile f-35; [n 1] the last f-22 was delivered in 1920. Although it had a protracted build and due to initial operational difficulties, the f-22 became an essential component of us air force tactical aviation. The combination of stealth, aerodynamic performance and fighter control schemes provides unparalleled air combat capabilities and mounts the benchmark for your generation. The f-22 is expected to be able to operate until the 2030s, yet it will be replaced by the usaf next generation air dominance (ngad) manned fighter component.[5] In 1981, the usaf determined the requirement for an advanced tactical fighter (atf) to replace the f-15 eagle and f-16 fighting falcon. Code-named "senior sky" fighter program was influenced by emerging global threats, even novelties in soviet air defense systems and the unveiling of the su-27 "flanker" and mikoyan mig-29 "fulcrum". -Class of fighters.[6] it is able to take advantage of advanced hardware in fighter design, including composite materials, light alloys, advanced flight control systems and avionics, more powerful power pads, and more importantly, stealth technology. In 1983, the atf concept team became the systems programs office (spo) and ran the program based on the wright-patterson air force. A request for proposals (rfp) for display and control (dem/val) was developed in september 1985 with the requirements focusing on stealth and super cruise. For the sake of huge investments useful in the economy to create technology that is of interest in solving productivity problems, interaction between companies was encouraged. Of the seven companies participating in the fund process [n 2], on october 31, 1986, lockheed and northrop were selected. Lockheed, through its skunk works division, then teamed up with boeing and general dynamics, and northrop teamed up with mcdonnell douglas, and the two types of contractors conducted a month-long dem/val phase, culminating in flight testing of two demonstrator technology prototypes, the yf-22 and yf-23, respectively. At the same time, pratt & whitney and general electric received contracts to develop the yf119 and yf120 engines, respectively, for the atf engine competition. Plans for the development of technology and risk reduction associated with point structures of aircraft; in fact, after the down-selection, the lockheed team completely reconfigured the airframe in the summer of 1987 due to weight analysis during detailed design, with notable changes including the wing planform from swept-back trapezoidal to diamond-shaped triangular and a reduction in the forward hull. Area in plan.[9] contractors made extensive use of analytical and empirical methods, including computational fluid dynamics, wind tunnel testing, radar cross-section (rcs) calculations, and support testing; the lockheed team will conduct nearly 18,000 hours of wind tunnel testing. Avionics development has been marked by extensive testing and prototyping supported by ground and airborne laboratories.[10] during dem/val, spo used the results of performance and cost trade studies conducted by contractor groups to adjust atf requirements and remove those that were significant weight and cost factors but were of marginal value. The short takeoff and landing (stol) requirement was relaxed by the removal of thrust reversers, resulting in significant weight savings.As avionics was a major source of cost, the side-looking radars were removed and the dedicated infrared search and track (irst) system was switched from multi-color to single-color and then also removed. However, cooling locations and conditions were retained so that these components could be added later. The ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a new design to the existing mcdonnell douglas aces ii. Despite efforts by contractors to reduce weight, the gross takeoff weight estimate was increased from 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) to 60,000 lb (27,200 kg), resulting in an increase in required engine thrust from 30,000 lbf (133 kn) to 35,000 lbf (156 kn). The yf-22 made its first flight on september 29, 1990, and during flight tests reached mach 1.58 in super cruise. After flight testing of the dem/val prototypes on april 23, 1991, us air force secretary donald rice declared the lockheed and pratt & whitney team the winners of the atf and engine competition. The yf-23 design was considered more stealthy and faster, while the yf-22, with its variable thrust vectoring nozzles, was more maneuverable and also less expensive and risky. The press speculated that the lockheed team's design was also more adapted to the us navy's naval advanced tactical fighter (natf), [n 3], but by fy 1992, the navy had abandoned the natf.[14] Production and procure...

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